In the context of multisensory or multimodal processing, many of us can recall experiences where specific sounds or smells are closely tied to particular locations—for example, the scent of an ice cream parlor or the sound of the sea. These associations highlight that spatial orientation is inherently a multimodal process, shaped by inputs from multiple senses. Therefore, it should not be reduced to isolated sensory features from a single modality, as is often the case in controlled laboratory studies, which tend to prioritize visual information due to a prevailing research bias.

Traditional navigation systems rely on visually identifiable landmarks to guide users from their starting point to a destination. However, visual cues alone are not always sufficient for effective navigation. Individuals who are visually impaired or elderly may struggle to rely on visual input. Additionally, there may be environments where distinct visual landmarks are absent. In such cases, auditory cues can serve as valuable navigational aids.

 

To explore this idea, we conducted two online studies and a focus-group interview to identify types of sounds commonly found in urban settings. Using the insights gained, we collected and categorized various sounds in the city of Augsburg based on their sources. Our findings reinforce the potential of auditory information to aid spatial orientation and navigation—either as a supplement to or a substitute for visual guidance.

---

Today, navigation systems are commonly used to determine the shortest route between a starting point and a destination. These systems primarily rely on visual information to guide users. However, this approach may not be suitable for everyone—particularly individuals who are visually impaired or elderly—who may struggle to navigate using visual cues alone. Moreover, in certain environments, distinct visual landmarks may be absent altogether. In such cases, olfactory cues could serve as a valuable alternative for route guidance.

 

To explore this potential, we conducted two online studies and a focus-group interview, identifying 13 smell categories that could be used for navigation and wayfinding. Based on these findings, we collected data in an urban environment, gathering 201 distinct smells and analyzing them based on three key properties: temporality, intensity, and scent notes.

 

Our results align with previous research, confirming that most urban odours are related to gastronomy and waste. We also identified several scents with clear daily or seasonal patterns, suggesting that the temporal nature of smells warrants more detailed investigation in future studies. Additionally, we discuss further properties of olfactory cues and considerations for more comprehensive smell mapping in future research.